exchange · trocar

Places · who wears which marking

The goods lines do not stack every marking in one clause. The direct object is the thing given. por plus a DP is the thing received on the exchange sense, the mistaken identity on the mistake sense, and the preferred thing on the preference sense. com plus a DP is the partner. Luft, as Ciberdúvidas prints him, also allows com for the thing one exchanges for, when that complement is not human, and prints com for mistaking one person for another. de plus a bare noun names the kind one changes and does not name a counter-Theme. permutar repeats por of the received thing where a dictionary fills it. cambiar fills por on Michaelis’s euro line. Those prepositions are not copied back onto every line of trocar.

Marking map. On trocar, read the direct object as the thing given. Read por as the thing received on the exchange lines, as the mistaken identity on the mistake lines, and as the preferred thing on the preference lines. Read com as the partner on the classmate, the sister, the doorman, and alguém. Read Luft’s com of a non-human complement as a second printed way to name the thing exchanged for, and his com of a person as the confuse reading. Read de plus a bare noun as a change of one’s own thing of that kind, with no counter-Theme. Do not read the noun entre as crianças as trocar entre si.

• Direct object of the Theme. Michaelis: os sapatos, meu carro, uma palavra, insultos, sua lancha, os euros. Aulete: figurinhas, ideias, revistas. Infopédia: a cidade. Priberam files the verb as transitive, sense 1 Fazer troca de, and prints no filled clause. A line can name only that object. The car line and the services line have no partner and no por.
• por plus a DP, the counter-Theme. Michaelis fills por uns tênis, por uma casa de campo, and por reais. Infopédia fills pelo campo. Priberam and Infopédia put por in the gloss of permutar and do not fill a clause. Infopédia’s cambiar gloss has pela de outro and serves no clause. Ciberdúvidas, citing Luft, names por as the preposition of the thing or person one exchanges for, and the corrected programming line is pelo João Pedro Pais. English for, Spanish por, French contre, and German gegen plus accusative are the received-thing markings on the other pages. Italian marks that place with con.
• com plus a DP, the partner. Aulete fills com o colega and com a irmã. Michaelis fills com o porteiro. Luft, via Ciberdúvidas, fills com alguém on the glances. The insults line and Os dois trocavam ideias name no partner. French avec, German mit plus dative, Spanish con, Italian con, and English with are the partner markings on the sibling pages. A partner in bare a is unprinted on the exchange lines opened here.
• com is not only the partner. Luft’s note, as Ciberdúvidas prints it, says the exchange complement can be com when it is not human, and that com with a human name suggests one is treating the person as a thing. The same consultório files Trocar uma pessoa com outra as confundir. The older Aulete block prints me troca com outro in that confuse reading. No article opened here stacks a person-com and a thing-por in one clause. The programming question tried com for a person and was corrected to pelo.
• The ambiguity of trocar X por Y. Y is the trainers, the country house, the reais, the countryside. Y is also the brown shoes and the classmate’s skirt. Y is also the peace of the convent, the working life, and the other club. The dictionaries separate the senses. They do not print a test that would tell the three readings apart from the preposition alone. Italian scambiare X per Y is only the mistake. Portuguese trocar X por Y is the exchange, the mistake, and the preference.
• trocar de plus a bare noun. Luft’s pair is trocar de roupa and trocar a roupa, both under mudar. Infopédia’s shoes and Aulete’s car and boyfriend name the kind and name no received DP. Aulete’s bicycle line adds the partner in com and still has no por. Michaelis’s trocou de assunto is the same shape of de plus a bare noun, under a gloss that is not the clothes pattern. trocar de casa is unprinted. The printed house of an exchange is Michaelis Troca-se uma casa na praia por outra no campo, which keeps por and is labelled vpr Fazer permuta. This page reports that label. It does not decide whether the se is passive or reciprocal beyond what the entry says. English exchange one’s clothes is not the frame these de lines print.
• Reciprocal, and the se that is clothes. Trocaram insultos, Os dois trocavam ideias, and the Aulete magazines line are plural and keep a direct object, with no se on trocar. Trocaram-se cartas assíduas makes the letters the subject. Foi trocar-se and Trocou-se rapidamente are changing clothes. trocar entre si is unprinted on the verb. The noun line entre as crianças is not that verb. A constructed entre si on this page is not a dictionary frame. French s'échangent des timbres, Spanish se, and Italian scambiarsi keep an object. German die Plätze tauschen has no sich.
• permutar and cambiar. Where a dictionary prints an exchange, permutar takes the thing given as a direct object and the thing received in por: Michaelis por uma casa de campo, and the glosses uma coisa por outra. Michaelis also prints permutar os apartamentos with no por, and permutavam sorrisos with no partner. cambiar on Michaelis fills os euros por reais and, with no por, cambiar os dólares and cambiar as cenouras estragadas. Priberam’s cambiar is exchange operations and, intransitive, a change of colour or of opinion, with no filled por clause. Priberam’s trocar sense 3, giving the equivalent of a coin in coins of another value, and Infopédia’s sense of converting a note into small change, are making change. They are not given the goods frame of por uns tênis.
• Off the exchange frame. Michaelis Trocou o ócio em proveitosa leitura and trocou-se em um magnífico dia, Aulete Trocou a paz em guerra, and Luft’s Trocar(-se) o dia em noite are em, a change into something, not a counter-Theme in por. Michaelis trocou as palavras dos manifestantes is altering a report. Aulete Trocar o bebê is dressing a baby, under the clothes sense. Ciberdúvidas prints pernas trocadas as crossed legs. Michaelis lists Trocar de bem and Trocar de mal as expressions, restoring a friendship and breaking one off. Infopédia sense 6 is interpretar mal and prints no clause. None of these lines is the exchange frame.

EN ⇄ PT valency strip

Each row lines up one English slot with a Portuguese slot. The alignment type says what happens to the slot: = (same object status), or shift (English for or with against the Portuguese preposition the line prints, and against Spanish por or con, French contre or avec, German gegen or mit, and Italian con or per where that cloth is the comparison). Printed lines come first. Every other sentence is constructed, modelled on a printed line. They show the working alignment. They are not frequency, and not a bilingual corpus.

The strip below is a set of small multiples. Each card holds one frame, with English on top and Portuguese under it. The subject chip is the party the clause actually makes the subject.