Arguments

Teacher, Learner, Content · Content direct · Learner à · French cloth · working claim, revisable

Voice[Teacher] + low Appl(Learner) + complement of the root (Content)

enseigner · ContentACC · LearnerDAT (à + DP · clitic lui / leur)

enseigner (à qqn) à + infinitive

Learner as direct object · printed with no Content in the clause · not beside a Content

absolute · no Learner and no Content · the profession of teacher · à + a place is not the Learner

A teaching, on this reading, has a Teacher, a Learner, and a Content. They are not three equal sisters of one flat verb. Voice adds the Teacher. Low Appl introduces the Learner. The root’s complement is the Content: a noun phrase, or, where TLFi prints one, an à-marked infinitive. TLFi’s school sense with the object as the content is Enseigner qqc. à qqn. Larousse sense 1 is Enseigner les mathématiques à de jeunes enfants. Le Robert prints Enseigner les mathématiques à des enfants and Enseigner la patience à qqn.

What is different from the English gloss. English teach someone something is two bare objects, and English also prints teach something to someone. The to-frame is the nearer gloss of enseigner quelque chose à quelqu’un. The double object is not. A Learner of enseigner is not a bare direct object beside a Content. Le Robert’s guide to the complément d’objet indirect uses the clause J’enseigne le piano à ma fille and the parenthesis On enseigne quelque chose à quelqu’un. The à is the preposition the verb imposes. The guide’s word obligatoire is that note’s contrast with a circumstantial; it is not a claim that every enseigner clause has a Learner. Larousse sense 2 and TLFi’s absolute employment print the verb with none.

The clitic of the à-person. The person in à is the indirect object. The printed dative clitics on enseigner are leur (Theuriet Leur enseigner des recettes), m’ (Bernanos L’expérience m’a enseigné, Colette m’a enseigné à), vous (Audiberti Je vous enseignerai à), and nous beside a direct object (Le Robert L’expérience nous enseigne la prudence). Larousse’s sense-3 gloss of “something to someone” is le lui faire connaître, le lui inculquer: accusative le, then dative lui. A full clause Je lui enseigne le français is constructed on that slot. It is not a dictionary line. Je le lui enseigne is unprinted on this verb in the articles read.

à + infinitive. TLFi prints Enseigner (à qqn) à + verbe à l’inf. The two lines put the person in a clitic, not in a full à-phrase stacked with the infinitive: Colette qui m’a enseigné à encaustiquer les cuivres, Audiberti Je vous enseignerai à pêcher les écrevisses. The same stack with a full à-person is printed on apprendre, not on these two lines: Chateaubriand apprendre aux Romains à mourir.

Learner alone. When TLFi’s object is the addressee, and no Content is in the clause, the person is the direct object: enseigner des enfants, enseigner des adolescents, Guéhenno enseigner les gens du pays, Gobineau Enseignez-moi. Enseigner qqn sur is labeled Rare (Saint-Exupéry). Those lines are not the three-place frame. A bare Learner beside a bare Content is unprinted. This page does not add a label the articles do not print.

Absolute, and place. TLFi’s absolute employment is Exercer la profession d’enseignant: Cabanis il enseigna, Interdiction absolue d’enseigner, Beauvoir passionnant d’enseigner. Larousse sense 2, sans complément, is Être enseignant, and the line is Il enseigne à l’université. TLFi files that à as a place: Enseigner à l’université, enseigna longtemps à l’École Normale Supérieure de Sèvres. That à is not the Learner.

apprendre, one lemma, two subjects. English splits learn and teach. French does not. TLFi’s header is Recevoir, donner un enseignement. When the subject is the beneficiary, the frame is Apprendre qqc. (Staël apprendre le suédois, Flaubert apprit le catéchisme) or à + infinitive (Bernardin de Saint-Pierre apprend à nager). A person one learns from is de: Maine de Biran apprendre de nos semblables. auprès de is unprinted as that person-source in the articles opened. The factitive employment reverses the subject: Apprendre qqc. à qqn, and the bracket says the subject is the teaching person. The à-phrase is what shows the Teacher reading. Le Robert names the same split sens subjectif and sens objectif: Apprendre l’italien against Apprendre le français à un ami étranger and Il m’apprend à faire du ski. Larousse sense 3 is Il essayait de leur apprendre le dessin.

Tell, not teach. TLFi B and Le Robert’s sens subjectif also print being informed: apprendre une nouvelle, Queffélec apprendre cette mort, Le Robert Apprendre une nouvelle par la radio, Larousse Je viens d’apprendre sa mort. The giver is a second subject, with à: TLFi Apprendre qqc. à qqn, apprendre à qqn que, Chateaubriand m’apprendre son nom, Le Robert Je viens vous apprendre son arrivée, Larousse Il nous a appris qu’il avait réussi. The source of the news is de or par: Genlis Il apprit d’eux que, Las Cases par les papiers publics. That frame is not a skill taught.

instruire. The Learner is the direct object: TLFi Instruire qqn, Alain instruire les enfants, Larousse Instruire des jeunes enfants, Le Robert Instruire de jeunes soldats. The Content is not a second bare object. It is de (Goncourt instruire … de la religion catholique, Le Robert Instruisez-moi de ce qui s’est passé), en (Guéhenno, the contract instruire en la crainte de Dieu), or dans (France instruisait dans la poésie et dans la musique, Zola instruit sa femme dans la chasteté). That is the learner-accusative cloth. It is not enseigner’s learner-dative. The law sense instruire une affaire is off this frame.

Against the other languages. German beibringen, Spanish enseñar, Russian преподавать, Hungarian tanít with a dative Learner, and Japanese 教える with に and を match Content-direct and Learner-oblique. German lehren’s two accusatives, Russian учить’s accusative Learner, and Hungarian frame (a) do not. French instruire is the accusative-Learner verb, and its Content is de, en, or dans.

Places · who wears which marking

No single printed teaching line of enseigner stacks a named Teacher, a full à-Learner, and a nominal Content with a third-person lui. Péguy prints the full à-phrase and the Content. Theuriet prints leur and the Content. The clause with lui and a name is constructed on those lines and on Le Robert’s à ma fille.

Printed teaching frame · direct Content · à-Learner

✓ Tant que les instituteurs enseigneront à nos enfants la règle de trois TLFi · enseigner A.1.b · Péguy · à nos enfants the Learner · la règle de trois the Content

as long as the schoolteachers teach our children the rule of three

Printed frame · dative clitic · direct Content

✓ Leur enseigner des recettes pour la fabrication des conserves TLFi B.2.a · Theuriet · leur dative · des recettes the Content

to teach them recipes for making preserves

Printed à + infinitive · the person is a clitic

✓ qui m’a enseigné à encaustiquer les cuivres TLFi B.2.a · Colette · m’ · à + infinitive

✓ Je vous enseignerai à pêcher les écrevisses TLFi B.2.a · Audiberti · vous

who taught me to polish the brass · I will teach you to fish for crayfish

Places of French enseigner: introducer, marking, case status, English and German marking
PlaceIntroduced by (working)French markingCase statusEnglish and German marking
TeacherSpec,Voicesubject of enseignerstructural subject · a thing is also printed: Le Robert (sujet : chose) L’expérience nous enseigne la prudence · TLFi Bernanos L’expérience m’a enseignésubject of teach · subject of lehren, beibringen, and unterrichten
Learner · nominal Contentlow Applà + DP · dative clitic leur, m’, nous, vous where printed · lui is that slot, constructed belowindirect object · Le Robert’s COI guide · not a second direct object beside the Contentbare object of teach someone something, or to of teach something to someone · dative of beibringen · accusative of lehren in the active norm
Learner · no Contentthe direct object, in the lines TLFi files as the addresseedes enfants · des adolescents · les gens du pays · Enseignez-moidirect object · no Content in the clause · Enseigner qqn sur is labeled Rare · a bare Learner beside a Content is unprintedbare object of teach them · accusative of the person alone on lehren, on the German page
Learner · à + infinitivelow Applclitic m’ (Colette) · vous (Audiberti) · the formula writes (à qqn)the person of the infinitive frame, as printed · a full à-DP stacked with à + infinitive is unprinted on these two lines · it is printed on apprendreobject of teach someone to … · accusative Learner of jemanden … lehren · dative Learner of beibringen
Content · nouncomplement of the rootdirect object · la règle de trois · des recettes · le piano · les mathématiquesstructural direct object · TLFi Enseigner qqc. à qqnbare object of something · accusative of lehren and of beibringen
Content · infinitiveà + infinitiveà encaustiquer les cuivres · à pêcher les écrevissesTLFi’s printed complement of this shape · Larousse sense 3 also prints comment vivre en sociétébare infinitive of lehren · zu-infinitive of beibringen · Spanish a + infinitive
Placenot low Applà l’université · à l’École Normale Supérieure de Sèvres · dans une écoleTLFi: a prepositional complement of place, often with the absolute · not the Learnera place adjunct of teach · not the Learner of beibringen
apprendre · subjectVoice, and the role flipsLearner subject with no à-person · Teacher subject when the Learner is à / lui / leurone lemma · Le Robert sens subjectif / sens objectif · TLFi factitive Apprendre qqc. à qqnEnglish splits learn and teach
instruire · Learnerdirect objectqqn · les enfants · de jeunes soldatsaccusative · Content de / en / dans · not enseigner’s àaccusative Learner of unterrichten · the German Content is in+dative

Marking map. One letter can belong to several heads. Read the head, then the marker.

EN ⇄ FR valency strip

Each row lines up one English slot with a French slot, and names the German slot where the case differs. The alignment type says what happens to the slot: = (same object status), or shift (a bare English object ↔ a French à-phrase or dative clitic). Printed dictionary lines come first. Every other French sentence is constructed, modelled on a printed line. They show the working alignment, not frequency, and not a bilingual corpus.

English–French valency alignment for teach / enseigner, one row per argument
SlotEN formFR formAlignEN exampleFR example
TeacherSUBJ of teachsubject=the schoolteachers will teach our children the rule of three gloss of Péguyles instituteurs enseigneront à nos enfants la règle de trois TLFi · Péguy
Learner · nominal Contentbare object of teach someone something · or to of teach something to someoneà + DP · dative cliticshift against the double object · = against to, with French à where English writes toteach something to someone the English frame this à matchesà nos enfants TLFi · à ma fille Le Robert · COI · Je lui enseigne le français. constructed · lui fills the printed à-slot
Learner · no Contentbare object of teach themdirect object= in object status · the French line has no Contentteach children glossenseigner des enfants TLFi A.1.a
Learner · à + infinitiveobject of teach someone to …clitic · formula (à qqn)shift · the person is not a bare direct object beside the infinitive in the printed linesI will teach you to fish for crayfish gloss of AudibertiJe vous enseignerai à pêcher les écrevisses TLFi · Audiberti
Content · nounbare somethingdirect object=teach the rule of three glossla règle de trois TLFi · Péguy
Content · infinitiveto fishà + infinitiveshift · French prints à · German lehren prints a bare infinitiveteach someone to polish the brass glossà encaustiquer les cuivres TLFi · Colette
apprendre · subjectlearn or teach, two verbsone verb · à selects the Teacher subjectthe lemma splits in English · it does not split in Frenchlearn Italian · teach a friend French the two English glossesApprendre l’italien. Le Robert · sens subjectif · Apprendre le français à un ami étranger. Le Robert · sens objectif
Person one learns fromfromdeshift · de is printed · auprès de is unprintedlearn from our fellows glossapprendre de nos semblables TLFi · Maine de Biran
instruireobject of instruct someonedirect object · Content de / en / dansthe Learner is accusative · not enseigner’s àinstruct me in what happened glossInstruisez-moi de ce qui s’est passé. Le Robert
German lehren double accusativetwo bare objectsdirect Content + à-Learnerthe German active norm and this French frame diverge · beibringen is the German matchto teach sb a language Langenscheidt gloss of lehren, on the German pagejemanden etwas lehren the German page · enseigner qqc. à qqn TLFi · not that second accusative
Two bare objectsthe English double object has no case ending and no tobare Learner beside a direct Content, with no à and no dative cliticunprinted · the printed Learner of the three-place frame is à—* J’enseigne Ana le français. constructed · not a dictionary line
Show by a signnot teachTLFi B.1 · Vieilli · montrersense split · do not gloss the route line as teachshowed him his way glossL’indienne qui lui enseigna sa route TLFi B.1 · Chateaubriand

The strip below is a set of small multiples. Each card holds one frame. The subject chip is the Teacher when the clause has one, and the Learner when apprendre is the learner-subject.

EN · FR · à-Learner

qqc à qqn

I teach Ana French.

J’enseigne le français à Ana.

FR constructed · à Ana modelled on Larousse à de jeunes enfants and on Le Robert à ma fille · le français stands in the Content slot of les mathématiques

RolesHide roles LearnerContent
Learner à Ana Content le français

Move English double object has no to · French prints à

FR · dative clitic

lui

I teach her French.

Je lui enseigne le français.

FR constructed · lui is the singular of the à-person · leur is printed on Theuriet · lui is printed on apprendre (Balzac), not in an enseigner line read here

RolesHide roles LearnerContent
Learner lui · dative Content le français

Move the clitic replaces à + person · it is not a bare direct object

FR · à + infinitive

vous … à

I will teach you to fish for crayfish

Je vous enseignerai à pêcher les écrevisses

FR · TLFi B.2.a · Audiberti · person clitic · infinitive à-marked

RolesHide roles LearnerContent
Learner vous Content à pêcher les écrevisses

Move the infinitive is à-marked · the person is not a second bare object

FR · apprendre · subject flips

one lemma

learn Italian · teach a friend French

Apprendre l’italien. · Apprendre le français à un ami étranger.

FR · Le Robert · sens subjectif then sens objectif · the à-phrase is the Teacher reading

RolesHide roles Subjectà-personContent
Subject Learner, then Teacher Learner à un ami · second line only Content l’italien · le français

Move English uses two verbs · French keeps one, and à selects the role

FR · instruire · Learner direct

qqn de qqch

instruct me in what happened

Instruisez-moi de ce qui s’est passé.

FR · Le Robert · Learner direct · Content de · not enseigner’s à

RolesHide roles LearnerContent
Learner moi · direct Content de ce qui s’est passé

Move learner-accusative · the Content is de, not a second bare object

DE · FR · case of the Learner

beibringen = this à

jdm etw beibringen

enseigner qqc. à qqn

DE · PONS, on the German page · dative Learner + accusative Content · FR · TLFi direct Content + à-Learner · lehren’s double accusative is the other German frame

RolesHide roles LearnerContent
Learner jdm · à qqn Content etw · qqc

Move English teach someone something has two bare objects · the matching pair is oblique Learner + direct Content

FR · two bare objects

à ≠ a bare name

—

* J’enseigne Ana le français.

FR constructed · starred · the printed Learner of the three-place frame is à or a dative clitic

RolesHide roles LearnerContent
Learner Ana · no à, no lui Content le français

Move English has no to in the double object · French does not print that bare Learner beside a Content

Examples

Argument difference. English teach someone something is one gloss with two bare objects, and English also allows teach something to someone. French enseigner, in the three-place frame, puts the Content in the direct object and the Learner in à, or in the dative clitic of that phrase. German beibringen is that same case frame. German lehren’s active norm is two accusatives. Spanish enseñar is dative Learner and accusative Content. Russian преподавать matches; Russian учить reverses the cases. Hungarian tanít prints both. Japanese 教える puts the Learner in に and the Content in を. The best match for enseigner is the oblique Learner, not the English double object, and not lehren’s second accusative. instruire is the French accusative-Learner verb, and its Content is a preposition.

The fine difference on apprendre. One lemma. The subject is the Learner when there is no à-person. The subject is the Teacher when the Learner is à. English has to choose learn or teach before the frame is visible. French shows the role in the à-phrase. The inform sense uses the same à and a piece of news, and it is not a skill.

Senses kept off the teaching frame, or flagged inside it. TLFi B.1, Vieilli, is showing by a sign. The inform readings of apprendre stay on the page and off the skill gloss. The law sense of instruire stays off. Larousse’s familiar Apprendre à vivre à quelqu’un is a punishment, not this frame.

Dictionary frames and lines · checked · quoted as printed

Enseigner qqc. à qqn. · Tant que les instituteurs enseigneront à nos enfants la règle de trois · Ils enseignent des choses TLFi A.1.b · Péguy · Duhamel · the object is the content

Leur enseigner des recettes pour la fabrication des conserves · L’expérience m’a enseigné peu à peu certaines pratiques TLFi B.2.a · Theuriet · Bernanos · dative clitic · direct Content

J’enseigne le piano à ma fille. (On enseigne quelque chose à quelqu’un.) Le Robert · guide · complément d’objet indirect · the à is the preposition the verb imposes

Enseigner les mathématiques à de jeunes enfants. · Il enseigne à l’université. · Elle m’avait enseigné comment vivre en société. Larousse · sense 1 the à-Learner · sense 2 no complement, and that à is the place · sense 3 clitic m’ and comment

Enseigner les mathématiques à des enfants. · Enseigner la patience à qqn. · L’expérience nous enseigne la prudence. Le Robert · enseigner · nous beside the direct object · the subject of the last line is a thing

Enseigner (à qqn) à + verbe à l’inf. · qui m’a enseigné à encaustiquer les cuivres · Je vous enseignerai à pêcher les écrevisses TLFi B.2.a · Colette · Audiberti

pour enseigner des enfants · enseigner des adolescents · enseigner les gens du pays · Enseignez-moi · Rare Je t’enseignerai donc sur la trahison TLFi A.1.a · B.3 · the person is the direct object · no Content in the clause · sur of a person-object is the Rare line

Exercer la profession d’enseignant. · il enseigna · Interdiction absolue d’enseigner · passionnant d’enseigner · Enseigner à l’université. · enseigna longtemps à l’École Normale Supérieure de Sèvres TLFi A.2 · Cabanis · Beauvoir · the à of the school is a place

L’exégèse biblique, telle qu’elle s’enseignait TLFi · pronominal, passive value · Renan · the Content is the subject · not a promotion of the Learner

Apprendre qqc., à faire qqc. · apprendre le suédois · apprit le catéchisme · apprend à nager · apprendre de nos semblables TLFi I.A.1 · Staël · Flaubert · Bernardin de Saint-Pierre · Maine de Biran · subject = Learner · de is the person-source · auprès de is unprinted

Apprendre qqc. à qqn. · Allez apprendre aux Romains à mourir · On ne leur apprend rien · elle vous apprend le piano · le malheur lui apprendra la valeur de l’argent TLFi · factitive · Chateaubriand · Mirbeau · Romains · Balzac · subject = Teacher when the Learner is à / leur / vous / lui

Apprendre l’italien. · Apprendre le français à un ami étranger. · Il m’apprend à faire du ski. · Apprendre une nouvelle par la radio. · Je viens vous apprendre son arrivée. Le Robert · apprendre · sens subjectif then sens objectif · the news lines are inform, not the skill

Apprendre l’anglais. · Je viens d’apprendre sa mort. · Il essayait de leur apprendre le dessin. · Il nous a appris qu’il avait réussi. Larousse · senses 1–4 · learn · be informed · teach · tell

apprendre cette mort · Il apprit d’eux que · par les papiers publics · m’apprendre son nom TLFi B · Queffélec · Genlis · Las Cases · Chateaubriand · inform · de or par of the source · à of the person told

Instruire qqn. · instruire les enfants · instruire en la crainte de Dieu · instruire … de la religion catholique · instruisait dans la poésie et dans la musique · instruit sa femme dans la chasteté TLFi · Alain · Guéhenno · Goncourt · France · Zola · Learner direct · Content en / de / dans

Instruire des jeunes enfants. · On ne nous a pas instruits des conclusions du rapport. Larousse · sense 1 the Learner is the object · sense 3 inform, person promoted, de the news · synonyms of sense 1 éduquer, enseigner, former

Instruire de jeunes soldats. · Instruisez-moi de ce qui s’est passé. · Instruit par l’expérience Le Robert · Learner direct · de the information · the participle is printed · en is not in this entry

Il fallait l’éduquer le môme · instruire, éduquer, former sa jeune épouse · On éduquera la maîtrise volontaire de soi TLFi · éduquer · Arnoux · France · Mounier · the object is the person, or a quality · no dative Learner

L’indienne qui lui enseigna sa route TLFi B.1 · Vieilli · Chateaubriand · show by a sign · not the teaching frame

Strings below are constructed, modelled on the printed lines. They are not spontaneous-speech citations and not dictionary lines. Ana continues a named à-object of the à de jeunes enfants / à ma fille shape. le français fills the direct Content. lui fills the dative clitic of that à. Bescherelle and 501 French Verbs were not opened. No sentence from either is quoted.

✓ J’enseigne le français à Ana.

RolesHide roles TeacherLearnerContent
Teacher the subject of enseigne Learner à Ana Content le français

constructed · à modelled on Larousse à de jeunes enfants and on Le Robert à ma fille · direct Content modelled on les mathématiques

✓ Je lui enseigne le français.

RolesHide roles LearnerContent
Learner lui · dative Content le français

constructed · lui is the singular dative of the à-person · plural leur is Theuriet’s printed clitic on enseigner · Balzac prints lui on apprendre

* J’enseigne Ana le français.

RolesHide roles LearnerContent
Learner Ana Content le français

constructed · two bare objects · the three-place Learner is à or a dative clitic · enseigner des enfants is a different printed line, with no Content, and it is not this star

  1. ✓ enseigneront à nos enfants la règle de trois TLFi · Péguy · à-Learner · direct Content
  2. ✓ Leur enseigner des recettes TLFi · Theuriet · dative leur · direct Content
  3. ✓ J’enseigne le piano à ma fille Le Robert · COI · à imposed by the verb
  4. ✓ Je vous enseignerai à pêcher les écrevisses TLFi · Audiberti · clitic · à + infinitive
  5. ✓ enseigner des enfants TLFi A.1.a · person direct · no Content in the clause
  6. ✓ Il enseigne à l’université Larousse sense 2 · TLFi place · not the Learner
  7. ✓ Apprendre le français à un ami étranger Le Robert · teacher-subject · the à disambiguates
  8. ✓ Apprendre l’italien Le Robert · learner-subject · same lemma
  9. ✓ apprendre de nos semblables TLFi · Maine de Biran · person-source de
  10. ✓ Instruisez-moi de ce qui s’est passé Le Robert · Learner direct · Content de
  11. ✓ lui enseigna sa route TLFi B.1 · show · not the teaching frame

Voice

TLFi prints a pronominal of passive value, Renan L’exégèse biblique, telle qu’elle s’enseignait. The subject is the Content. No promotion of the Learner is printed on enseigner in the articles read. Nothing further is constructed. The participle enseigné is in the TLFi remark, les matières enseignées, the subject-matter, not the Learner. German lehren prints both promotions of its two accusatives. That German question is not opened here.

instruire prints participles of the person: Le Robert Instruit par l’expérience, Larousse On ne nous a pas instruits des conclusions du rapport. The second is the inform sense. They are not a ranking of which object of enseigner promotes. apprendre prints Renard Il faut être pris pour être appris, a saying, and Le Robert Il y a des choses qui ne s’apprennent pas. Neither is the teaching factitive.

Derivations · working sketches, revisable

Each sketch is a working drawing, not a locked analysis. The drawing gives the Teacher to Voice, the Learner to low Appl, and the Content to the root. Open one sketch at a time. Which theta role is the object is the revisable note Causative templates and argument selection. This page does not edit that note.

Voice · the Teacher is the external argument

Constructed · one external argument · on apprendre the same head is the Learner when no à-person is in the clause

[TP [enseigne]
  [VoiceP Voice                     ← Teacher = Spec,Voice
    … enseigner … ]]

✓ J’enseigne le français à Ana. constructed

The external argument of enseigner is the Teacher. On apprendre that head is the Teacher only in the factitive, where the Learner is à. Otherwise it is the Learner, and English has already switched to learn. French does not keep the Learner as a second bare object under the Teacher.

Low Appl · the Learner · the root takes the Content

Nominal Content · à-Learner · instruire’s direct Learner is the other verb, not this tree

[VoiceP Voice
  [ApplP_LOW [à Ana]_DAT Appl          ← Learner · à / lui / leur
    [VP √enseign-
       [Content le français ]_ACC ]]]  ← Content · direct object

The à-infinitive is the other printed complement. The person under it, in the lines read, is a clitic.

[VoiceP Voice
  [ApplP_LOW [vous]_DAT Appl
    [VP √enseign-
       [Content à pêcher … ]]]]        ← à + infinitive · Audiberti

✓ à nos enfants la règle de trois TLFi · Péguy · à + direct object

✓ Je vous enseignerai à pêcher les écrevisses TLFi · clitic + à-infinitive

* J’enseigne Ana le français. constructed · the three-place Learner is not a bare object

English and German · one gloss, not one case frame

Working · no English teach page is opened · German is teach-de.html

[VoiceP Voice                                  ← Teacher
  [ApplP_LOW someone Appl                     ← EN bare object
    [VP √TEACH                                · FR à / lui
       [Content something ]]]]                · FR direct object
                                              · DE beibringen: jdm etw
                                              · DE lehren: jdn etw
                                              · FR instruire: qqn de / en / dans

The English double object spells no à and no dative clitic. The English to-frame is the nearer gloss, and it is still not a bare Learner. PONS, on the German page, prints jdm etw beibringen under the same English gloss as jdn etw lehren. The French three-place frame matches the first of those, the dative, and not the double accusative.

Layer-by-layer parallel: English teach, French enseigner, two German lemmas, French instruire
Layerteach (EN) · no pageenseignerbeibringeninstruire
Spec,VoiceTeacherTeacherTeacherTeacher
Learnerbare object, or toà / dative clitic in the three-place frame · direct only with no Contentdativedirect object
Contentbare object, or an infinitivedirect object, or à + infinitiveaccusative, a wie-clause, or a zu-infinitivede / en / dans
apprendrelearn is another verbsame lemma · subject flips · à selects the Teachernot this lemmanot this lemma
Notes

Working paper · October 2026 · French micro-entry · Beyond Index 2

Teaching in French is not the English double object, and apprendre is not a second verb for learn. Teacher (Voice, subject of enseigner), Learner (low Appl), Content (complement of the root). On enseigner the Content is the direct object and the Learner is à, clitic lui / leur. A bare Learner beside a Content is unprinted. apprendre keeps one lemma and flips the subject: Learner, or Teacher when the Learner is à. instruire takes the Learner as direct object. German beibringen matches the oblique Learner. German lehren’s double accusative does not.

FR micro-entry live Beyond Index 2 apprendre flips the subject DE lehren live ES enseñar live RU учить live HU tanít live JA 教える live IT insegnare live PL uczyć live NL leren live NO lære live BG уча live ZH 教 live PT ensinar live

Sense × language: teach · French (enseigner). The teaching sense is the page. The inform sense of apprendre, and TLFi B.1 of enseigner, stay flagged and off the skill gloss. apprendre, instruire, and éduquer stay notes. No English teach hub. German: teach · lehren / beibringen / unterrichten. Spanish: teach · enseñar. Russian: teach · учить / научить. Hungarian: teach · tanít. Japanese: teach · 教える. Italian: teach · insegnare. Polish: teach · uczyć / nauczyć. Dutch: teach · leren. Norwegian: teach · lære. Bulgarian: teach · уча / науча. Mandarin: teach · 教. Portuguese: teach · ensinar. Geometry neighbors: lend · prêter · rent · louer. Index 2 French Transfer cites échanger, donner — not enseigner.

Working paper. French-only micro-entry. Frames were checked on TLFi (enseigner, apprendre, instruire, éduquer), on Larousse (the same three teaching lemmas), and on Le Robert (the same three, and the guide to the complément d’objet indirect).
Constructed examples. TLFi, Larousse, and Le Robert lines are marked as printed. J’enseigne le français à Ana, Je lui enseigne le français, and the starred bare double object are marked constructed. enseigner des enfants is quoted, not starred. auprès de is unprinted and is not constructed.
Arity. Index 2 does not list enseigner. Surface count can name a teacher, a learner, and a content. The lexicon does not list three co-arguments of one flat V, and it does not list the English double object as the French frame. Voice adds the Teacher. Low Appl adds the Learner. The root takes the Content. The object inside an infinitive is not a further sister of enseigner.
What this page does not do. It does not call the Learner-as-direct-object lines vieilli. TLFi does not. It does not treat Le Robert’s COI-guide word obligatoire as a ban on the absolute. It does not open a page for apprendre, instruire, or éduquer. It does not map TLFi B.1 onto teach. It does not quote Bescherelle or 501 French Verbs.

Hierarchy

Not a flat grid of three sisters, and not the English double object copied onto one French verb. Voice adds the Teacher. Low Appl adds the Learner. The root takes the Content.

What French changes, against teach someone something, is the Learner’s marking. The three-place frame is a direct Content and an à-Learner. When that Content is missing, TLFi can print the person as the direct object, and that is a different line. When the Content is à + infinitive, the person in the printed lines is a clitic. apprendre uses one lemma for both subject roles, and the à-phrase is the switch. German beibringen is the dative match. German lehren’s two accusatives are a different frame. instruire keeps the Learner direct and moves the Content into de, en, or dans.

Geometry · enseigner beside the other teaching lemmas

  • English teach. Two bare objects in teach someone something, and to in teach something to someone. No English page is opened. The to-frame is the nearer gloss. The double object is unprinted in French.
  • enseigner. Direct Content, à-Learner, dative clitic lui / leur. à + infinitive. Person as direct object only with no Content. Absolute is the profession. Place-à is not the Learner.
  • apprendre. Same letters as learn and as teach. Learner-subject, source de. Teacher-subject, Learner à. Inform: a piece of news, same à, off the skill gloss.
  • instruire. Learner direct. Content de, en, or dans. The accusative-Learner cloth. Not enseigner.
  • éduquer. The object is the person, or a quality. No dative Learner in the lines opened. former shares that person-object in the France line and is a Larousse synonym. No separate frame.
  • beibringen. Dative Learner, accusative Content. The case match. lehren’s double accusative is not this frame. unterrichten is nearer instruire: accusative Learner, Content in a preposition.
  • enseñar. Dative Learner, accusative Content. Spanish aprender is the learner-side verb, not a teacher-subject of the same lemma.
  • преподавать. Accusative Content, dative Learner. учить reverses that.
  • tanít. Frame (b) is accusative Content and dative Learner. Frame (a) is accusative Learner and sublative Content.
  • 教える. Learner に, Content を. The Learner is を only with no Content, the same distribution as French enseigner des enfants.

Open items

  • lui on enseigner. The slot is printed as leur, m’, vous, and nous. A third-person singular lui on this verb is constructed, not quoted. lui is quoted on apprendre.
  • le lui. Larousse’s sense-3 gloss uses le lui of the paraphrase, not a clause Je le lui enseigne. That clause is unprinted. Not constructed.
  • A full à-person stacked with à + infinitive on enseigner. The formula writes (à qqn). The two citations use a clitic. The full stack is printed on apprendre (Chateaubriand). Not constructed on enseigner.
  • auprès de. Unprinted as a person-source of apprendre in the articles opened. de is printed. Not constructed.
  • A label on the person-object. TLFi prints enseigner des enfants and does not call it vieilli. Vieilli is B.1, the sign sense. Rare is Enseigner qqn sur. A Grand Robert label, and Cordial, were not opened. This page does not add one.
  • en on Le Robert instruire. Unprinted in the entry served. Printed in TLFi. Not copied onto the Le Robert line.
  • former. Synonym, and one coordinated person-object. No government of its own is quoted.
  • Passive of the Learner. Unprinted for enseigner. Not constructed. Renan’s pronominal promotes the Content.
  • Bescherelle and 501 French Verbs. Not opened. No sentence from either is quoted.

Corpus filenames and sources checked

Dictionary frames: TLFi enseigner, apprendre, instruire, éduquer, served from the CNRTL word API and cited at the public definition URLs; Larousse enseigner, apprendre, instruire; Le Robert enseigner, apprendre, instruire, and the guide Qu’est-ce que le COI ?. Literary lines are quoted only as those entries print them. Constructed clauses put a printed à on a named Learner, or a singular lui in the printed dative slot. Bescherelle and 501 French Verbs were not opened. Index 2 does not list enseigner. French Transfer in Index 2 is échanger, donner.

Records the direct Content and the à-Learner of enseigner, the dative clitic of that phrase, the subject flip on apprendre, and the direct Learner of instruire. Does not open apprendre.