lend · emprestar

Places · who wears which marking

No printed line stacks a named Lender, a Theme, a Recipient, a time expression, and a rate in one clause. Infopédia prints uma coisa and a outrem in the definition. Priberam prints me with o livro inside a relative. Michaelis prints aos amigos with um centavo, and, on another line, a bank, money, aos correntistas, and com juros baixíssimos. Aulete prints lhe with a dress, and ao meu pai with a sum. The return wording stays inside the definitions.

Marking map. Read the head, then the marker. On the working lend reading the subject hands the thing over. a or lhe is the Recipient. On pedir emprestado that same a or clitic is the person asked. The marker does not say which way the thing goes. The verb does.

• Subject of the Lender. The subject of the working sense is the one who hands the thing over. Priberam calls the conjugation regular and the participle regular. No page of a conjugation manual is cited, and no sentence from one is quoted. Michaelis also prints an intransitive line, Ele não gosta de emprestar, and a Theme with no Recipient, Emprestou o dicionário de português.
• Direct object of the Theme. Infopédia’s uma coisa, Priberam’s o livro, Aulete’s um vestido de amazona and cinco mil reais, and Michaelis’s um centavo and dinheiro are the thing handed over. A sum in that slot is one object. It is not the rate.
• Indirect object of the Recipient: a, or me / lhe. Infopédia’s goal is a outrem. Michaelis prints aos amigos and aos correntistas. Aulete prints ao meu pai and aos países pobres. The clitic of that place is Priberam’s me in você me emprestou, proclitic in that line, and Aulete’s lhe in emprestara-lhe, enclitic in the Machado citation. The two positions are the positions of those printed strings. A variety rule that drops third-person lhe is not in the emprestar articles read. Plural lhes is unprinted. A clause that writes both the clitic and a full a-phrase is unprinted. It is not ranked, and it is not starred from another verb’s citation.
• para is in Aulete’s label. The label is tdi. + a, para, and again tdi + a, para and ti. + a, para. No example in the lines read fills para with a noun. Aulete does not label para as a variety. Infopédia, Priberam, and Michaelis do not print it on the lines read. enviar prints para on a different verb. This page does not import that page’s variety split onto emprestar.
• No bare double object. English lend Maria the book puts a bare Recipient beside the Theme. No line read here prints a bare noun in the Recipient slot. The printed goal is a, a dative clitic, or, in Aulete’s label, para. Pat emprestou Maria o livro is constructed below and starred because it is not a dictionary line.
• The ordinary borrow side is outside this numeration. pedir and tomar take their own subjects. emprestado agrees with the Theme. Ciberdúvidas prints a caneta emprestada and os livros emprestados on pedir. That agreement is the participle complex. It is not a claim about the compound of emprestar. On pedir, the Source is the same a or dative clitic. The lender is the person asked.
• The borrow reading with de. The subject takes. Priberam’s label is [Brasil]. Aulete’s older line is (Bras.) (pop.). Aulete sense 4 prints the de government and, in the numbered block as read, no regional label. Michaelis prints the sense and, in the article as read, no regional label. Ciberdúvidas reports a Houaiss brasileirismo and treats João emprestou do Pedro o dinheiro as outside the cultured norm, unused in Portugal, and recorded as a regionalism of certain regions of Brazil. The four wordings stay four wordings.
• A bank, the verb, and the noun. Michaelis prints the bank as the subject of emprestar: O banco vai emprestar dinheiro aos correntistas com juros baixíssimos. Aulete’s noun article prints O banco concedeu-lhe um empréstimo para comprar a casa. The Lender is the subject of conceder, lhe is the Recipient, and um empréstimo is the direct object. Infopédia’s sense 3 of the verb is the single word conceder, with no institution and no noun in the line. Ciberdúvidas prints pedir um empréstimo when someone asks a bank to grant the sum, o banco fez-lhe um empréstimo for the bank’s act, and contrair um empréstimo as the more formal expression. The Houaiss definition of the noun, as that answer quotes it, uses concede inside the definition. Those are the printed institution lines. junto de is unprinted on them, as on the borrow page.
• Duration and a rate. temporariamente is Infopédia and Priberam. por certo tempo is Michaelis. A separate time phrase beside a named Recipient is unprinted. com juros baixíssimos is inside Michaelis’s bank line. a juro is that entry’s gloss. Emprestar a juros is Aulete’s older line. One rate phrase. Not a second Theme. Nothing here is an aspect claim.
• Other senses. Priberam sense 2, figurative: Dar; conceder; conferir, example o sol emprestava uma cor avermelhada ao horizonte. Michaelis sense 4: Não foi capaz de emprestar sentido à existência. Aulete sense 3: Sua atitude emprestou seriedade à negociação. The a-phrase is not a Recipient of a returnable Theme. There is no book and no sum to be given back. It is not the Appl_HAVE frame.

EN ⇄ PT valency strip

Each row lines up one English slot with a Portuguese slot. The alignment type says what happens to the slot: = (same object status), shift (a bare English object ↔ a Portuguese indirect object), or a split of the subject’s direction. Printed lines come first. Every other Portuguese sentence is constructed, modelled on a printed line. They show the working alignment, not frequency, and not a bilingual corpus.

The strip below is a set of small multiples. Each card holds one frame, with English on top and Portuguese under it. The subject chip is the lender on the working reading of emprestar and the borrower on the light-verb complex.