Agent, domain, purpose, older place · Japanese marking · working claim, revisable
頑張る is a lexical verb. デジタル大辞泉, on Kotobank and on Weblio, files it as [動ラ五(四)]. The etymology note there is 「が(我)には(張)る」の音変化、また「眼張る」の意からとも。「頑張る」は当て字. The entry prints a potential form, [可能]がんばれる. JMdict, on the Weblio page, labels it 動詞ラ行五段活用、自動詞, and glosses three ways: “to persevere; to persist; to keep at it; to hang on; to hold out; to do one's best”; “to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion)”; “to remain in a place; to stick to one's post; to refuse to budge.” 三省堂『大辞林』, as quoted by the TV Asahi 日本語研究室 page and, with examples, by the 2017 hatena quotation of that dictionary, files (動ラ五[四]) and the same three senses. Cambridge’s Japanese–English entry labels the verb intransitive and glosses only “to do one's best.” English does not have one verb that takes this set of frames. The English words on this page are glosses.
The Agent is が or は. Working claim, revisable. The person who makes the effort, or who refuses to move, is the subject. デジタル大辞泉 sense 3 prints 「入り口に警備員が―・っているので入れない」. が marks 警備員. The hatena quotation of 大辞林 prints 「入口には守衛が-・っている」. には is the place, topic-marked; が marks 守衛. Tatoeba 10995310 prints 国民が頑張る必要などない. Tatoeba 12973582 prints トムは英語が上達するように頑張っている. は marks Tom. 英語が belongs to 上達する, not to 頑張る. A bare imperative has no spelled subject: 大辞林’s 「負けるな,-・れ」.
What the effort is directed at, when the line fills it, is not one particle. で is the domain the prose actually prints beside the verb. 少納言 / BCCWJ, string 試合で頑張, total 1: いくら試合で頑張っていても、みんながプロへ行けるわけじゃない (矢崎良一『元・巨人』, 廣済堂出版, 2003). String 仕事で頑張, total 5, including サッコは相変わらずアムウェイの仕事で頑張っとる (ムーラン『リライフへの道』, 2009) and 仕事で頑張っている話を聞き出し (『an・an』, 2004). で names the match, the job, the occasion. It is not the place one refuses to leave, which is the older sense below.
に on the domain is attested, and it is thin. 少納言, string 仕事に頑張, total 2: 仕事に頑張るのは当然のことだ (斎藤茂太『いま家族しか子供を守れない』, 1996) and 仕事に頑張りすぎた反動でしょうか (Yahoo!知恵袋, 2005). String 試合に頑張, total 1: 試合に頑張ってました (Yahoo!知恵袋, 2005). String 試験に頑張, total 0. The dictionary articles opened here do not print 仕事に頑張る. Their に is the place of the older sense, 入り口に and 入口には. 励む and 精を出す are the verbs for which a goal に is the ordinary mark. 頑張る’s domain に is a corpus fact. Two lines for 仕事に, one for 試合に, none for 試験に in the strings searched.
を is not a dictionary object of 頑張る. The corpus prints it on a scope noun. JMdict says 自動詞. Cambridge’s Japanese–English entry says intransitive. デジタル大辞泉 and the quoted 大辞林 print no を governed by 頑張る. Where を appears in a dictionary line, it is another verb’s object: 大辞泉 「―・って自説を譲らない」, を of 譲る; 大辞林 「ただ一人反対意見を述べて-・る」, を of 述べる; 「-・って店を持とう」, を of 持つ. 少納言, string を頑張る, total 25. The scope noun sits directly before 頑張る in 「仕事を頑張るのもいいけど」 (『Yomiuri Weekly』, 2005), 目の前の対局を頑張ることです (『広報あげお』, 2008), 家事を頑張ると言いながら (Yahoo!ブログ, 2008), and 本当によく勉強を頑張っているな (香月美里『リボーン』, 2005). String 勉強を頑張, total 7. String 受験を頑張, total 0. 受験を頑張る is not a line in the dictionaries opened here, and it is not a hit in that 少納言 search. Tatoeba 12056078 prints 仕事を頑張る, translated “I'll do my best.” Tatoeba 11961543 prints 車を頑張って押した. There を is the object of 押す, and 頑張って is the manner of pushing. That を is not the scope of 頑張る.
最後まで頑張る is まで, not を. 研究社 新和英中辞典, on Weblio, glosses 最後まで頑張る as “stand it out,” “struggle to the bitter end,” “keep it up,” “keep one's end up.” 少納言, string 最後まで頑張, total 27, including 苦しくても、最後まで頑張り通す (『市報かみのやま』, 2008), 最後まで頑張れました (『浜北区版広報はままつ』, 2008), and 家族だけで最後まで頑張った (三波春夫・八島美夕紀・永六輔『ゆく空に』, 2002). まで names the endpoint or the stretch. Tatoeba 997233 prints both marks in one line, 10時まで仕事を頑張るつもりですか. まで is the time. を is the scope noun 仕事. Tatoeba 80227 prints 迷子の少年は救助隊が来るまで何とか頑張りました, translated “The lost boy held out until the rescue team came.” 研究社 prints the same shape: 救助隊が来るまで頑張るんだ, “We must hold out till help comes.”
A purpose clause is 〜ために, 〜ように, or 〜ようと. It is an adjunct. It is not an infinitive complement. 少納言, string ために頑張, total 92, including きれいになるために頑張りました (Yahoo!知恵袋, 2005) and 他人のために頑張れる (茂木健一郎『プロフェッショナル仕事の流儀』, 2006). Tatoeba 9640671 prints 目標を達成するために懸命に頑張っています. String ように頑張, total 173. That count mixes a purpose clause with a manner ように. The purpose line is どんな結果であれ、後悔しないように頑張ってくださいね (Yahoo!知恵袋, 2005). The manner line is どのように頑張ればいいのか (加藤義和『大前研一のアントレプレナー育成講座』, 2003). Tatoeba 12973582 is the purpose shape, トムは英語が上達するように頑張っている. String ようと頑張, total 39, including 何とか状況を克服しようと頑張るのです (中央大学文学部『恋愛家族そして未来』, 2006). Tatoeba 11987195 prints うちの子、早起きしようと頑張ってるの, “My children try hard to get up early.” Cambridge’s Japanese–English line is the bare よう, without に and without と: 入賞できるよう精一杯がんばります, “I'll do my best to win a prize.” 研究社 prints ご期待に添えるよう頑張ります, “I'll do my best to live up to your expectations.”
The older sense is “hold one's ground / refuse to move / insist,” and its place is に. デジタル大辞泉 sense 3: ある場所を占めて動かないでいる. The example is 入り口に警備員が頑張っているので入れない. Sense 2: 自分の考え・意志をどこまでも通そうとする。我を張る. The example is 頑張って自説を譲らない. The quoted 大辞林 sense 3 is ある場所を占めて、動こうとしない, example 入口には守衛が頑張っている. Sense 2 is 自分の意見を強く押し通す。我を張る, example ただ一人反対意見を述べて頑張る. 研究社 prints the guard with で, not に: 警備員が玄関で頑張っていて許可証のない者は入れてくれない, “A watchman is guarding the door and won't let anybody in without a permit.” Both particles are printed for that scene. This page does not rank them. 少納言, string 入口に頑張, total 0. The place-に line on this page is the dictionary example, not a 少納言 hit. 入り口に頑張って動かない adds 動かない to the 大辞泉 example. The definition says 動かないでいる. The example itself does not print 動かない. The longer line is constructed.
我を張る is the gloss 大辞泉 and 大辞林 give for the insist sense. It is not a form of 頑張る. 少納言, string 我を張る, total 2. One line is the etymology talk on a blog. The other is Sōseki, 『吾輩は猫である』 (the BCCWJ sample, 1996): そんな我を張るのは当人の損だからな. 研究社 renders the insist sense as “persist in; insist on; stick to,” with 無実だと頑張る “insist on one's innocence” and 自説を頑張って譲らない “persist in one's opinion.” The content of the insistence is a と clause, or the object of 譲らない. 明鏡国語辞典 第三版, as the 2022 note quotes the first two senses only, prints 自分の考えや意志を押し通そうとする。我を通す and 精一杯努める. 我を通す is that dictionary’s wording. 広辞苑, as the TV Asahi page quotes it, puts 我意を張り通す first, then どこまでも忍耐して努力する, then ある場所を占めて動かない.
Speech acts. English often uses no verb of effort. 頑張って and 頑張れ are encouragement. 研究社: 頑張って下さい “I hope you'll do your best” and, marked 〈幸運を祈る〉, “Good luck (to you)!” The same entry’s note says Japanese 頑張れよ is the pep talk, and English often has “Take it easy.” 頑張れ is glossed “Hold out!”, “Bear up!”, “Never say die!”, “Keep it up!”, “Hang in there!” ジャイアンツ頑張れ is “Come on, Giants!” Cambridge’s idiom hang in there is “said as a way of telling someone to not give up,” with “Work can get tough in the middle of a term but hang in there and it'll be OK.” The TV Asahi page gives the English encouragement pair “Good luck!” and “Do your best!” 少納言, string 頑張ってね, total 135, including あともう少しの入院生活だと思うので焦らず頑張ってね (高橋秀子『ナッチの日記』, 2006). 頑張ります is a commitment. 研究社: 及ばずながら頑張ります “I'll try as best I can,” and ご期待に添えるよう頑張ります “I'll do my best to live up to your expectations.” 少納言, string 頑張ります, total 450, including フォーブスも出ましたし完売に頑張ります (Yahoo!ブログ, 2008). よく頑張ったね is praise. 少納言, string よく頑張った, total 70, and string 頑張ったね, total 39. The praise line with ね is 「よく頑張ったね。勝負は、途中では決まりません」 (池田大作『新・人間革命』, 2006) and 先生も「よく頑張ったねー」 (Yahoo!ブログ, 2008). The best English rendering of that praise is “Well done” or “You did well.” 研究社 does not print よく頑張った. The rendering is not a line in that entry.
頑張らせる is the outer -sase- wrap on 頑張る. It adds a second, causing, event. It is not a lexical causative and not the effort frame of 頑張る. 少納言, string 頑張らせ, total 13, including 急かせたり、頑張らせたりしてはいけません (『ねぎを首に巻くと風邪が治るか?』, 2010). Which object the clause treats as the object is the note Causative templates and argument selection. This page does not edit that note, and it does not draw the causative.
Form. Working claim, revisable. The sources print these shapes. [動ラ五(四)] and JMdict ラ行五段. Citation and finite ル: 一致団結して頑張る, 仕事に頑張るのは当然のことだ. ている: 警備員が頑張っている, 守衛が頑張っている, トムは…頑張っている. Polite ます: 頑張ります, がんばります. Past た: 頑張った, 頑張りました. て: 頑張って, including the encouragement. Imperative 頑張れ: 大辞林 負けるな、頑張れ, 研究社 頑張れ. 少納言 string 頑張れ, total 883, display capped at 500, and that string also matches 頑張れば. The imperative is the line with no ば. Potential がんばれる is the form 大辞泉 prints under [可能]. It is not the imperative. Hortative 頑張ろう: 少納言 total 356, including あと一時間だ、頑張ろう (『飛行機カモメ』, 2001). No telicity claim is made. No lexical-aspect class is assigned beyond these form facts.
No copular frame is printed. 頑張る stays a verb in the entries and the sentences opened here.
Where this frame diverges from English. English splits the work across persevere in/with X, try hard to V, do one's best, hang in there, hold out, stand firm, and insist. 頑張る keeps one verb. Persevere in/with X takes a prepositional phrase. The Japanese domain printed in running text is で, with a thinner corpus に and a corpus を that the dictionaries still do not file. Try hard to V takes an infinitive complement. 頑張る takes an adjunct-like purpose clause, ために / ように / ようと, or a で domain, and the verb can stand with no complement at all. Hang in there, good luck, and well done need no verb of effort. Japanese uses 頑張って / 頑張れ, 頑張ります, and よく頑張ったね.